The disease caused by parasites

In the world there are more than 200 different species of parasites. Vector of eggs of these organisms in most cases act the insects and possess the mammals.

In the body of a person at the same time can live up to 5 kinds of parasites. Some may not even suspect, and others represent a great danger for life.

Description

Trypanosoma is a unicellular parasitic organism, which can live in the body and cause serious illness. Their parasitism is obligate nature, so that the living organism is the only place in the abode of the trypanosomes. The diseases caused by these single-celled, join in 1 group under the name of the trypanosomiasis.

The most widespread and studied the following types of trypanosomes:

• brucei;
• trypanosoma cruzi.

Trypanosoma

Trypanosoma – a single-celled parasite that is distributed with the help of the tsetse fly Glossina (tsetse), cause african trypanosomiasis.

In function of the areas of increased diffusion of the distinguish the following subtypes:

• brucei. The causative agent of african trypanosomiasis of animals (least with human);
• equiperdum. The causal agent is widely distributed in north america and south of africa (recorded isolated cases of infection in italy). Parasitizes horse or mule. Causes what is known as a disease that is transmitted by sexual contact, the symptomatology is expressed swelling of the genital organs of animals;
• gambiense. The causative agent is common in central and west africa, called the chronic form of sleeping sickness in humans
• rhodesiense. Living in the south and the east of africa, called urgent, of a form of sleeping sickness in humans (rare in animals).

The distinctive feature of the trypanosome of other parasites is the presence in these single-celled organisms the ability to track the immune defense of the person.

The parasite is a cell, elongated, formed by cytoplasm and the nucleus, in certain stages of a long flagellum that performs the function of engine of the authority. Dimensions of the parasite ranging from 10 to 70 µm. The reproduction occurs vegetative longitudinally of the division).

The structure of the trypanosome varies in function of it in the body of a teacher (intermediate or final) is located.

Distinguish 2 phases of the development cycle of trypanosoma brucei:

1. Special of the stage. Once in the intestine of the vector in the form of parasites, micro-organisms are converted into other of the parasites that are found in the saliva of the insect. In the special department begins active cell division, in which creates a huge population of parasites. This form of existence of the trypanosome in the host agency intermediary, which is a cell, elongated, with a short flagellum and implicitly expressed in the waveform of the membrane, which performs the functions of the authority motion, as a scourge.
2. Trypanosomes. The parasite develops and moves in the body of the final master. External is slightly different from the previous stage, the body is more elongated, the flagellum longest, the membrane is more active.

Trypanosoma cruzi

The vectors are the bed bugs of the bed. Causes chagas disease (american trypanosomiasis). Habitat – south america (less closure).

Life cycle of trypanosoma cruzi is represented by 3 stages of development:

1. Stage of the life cycle of the most simple type of Trypanosoma. Like a parasite a pathogen enters the gut bug, where it falls after the bedbug bite of the infected person;
2. The next stage of the life cycle of the most simple type of Trypanosoma. In the intestine error the parasite develops on another parasite and just as she gets into the skin of a person with excrement;
3. Mastigos. Once in the epithelial and then the top layer of the skin or mucous membranes, the agent changes its cellular structure on the parasite. Mastigos has round shape, is characterized by the lack flagellum and stiffness. In this way it multiplies, and then repeat the cycle for first – place in the following type of parasite, migrates to other tissues, which develops in the mastigos, etc

Cause of infections in humans

A person can become infected with the african or american parasite through the interaction with insect vectors.

The habitat of these insects is centred in tropical to subtropical africa and south america.

Intermediate teachers for the parasites in most cases act special of the bug (in south america, mainly in argentina) and the tsetse fly (in africa).

The bed bug Triatominae is one of the dangerous insects to human beings. Their bite is fatal in 9 out of every 10.

Move in the body of the final master micro-organism can be 3 ways:

• directly through the bite of an insect;
• of the blood;
• baby in the womb.

In the group of risk of infection with hiv are in the first place the inhabitants of the poor and densely populated areas of africa and s america. The lack of personal hygiene, the location of the dwellings in a wooded area, the dilapidated state of the houses, the dirt – all of these factors triggers the infection with the parasite.

Tourists should remember that the vaccine against the infestation of these parasites does not exist!

To reduce the risk of invasion to a minimum, trips to exotic countries, s america and africa, you should observe the following rules:

• be sure to wash the fruits with a jet of water before consumption;
• to be so closed of the clothing, especially in the dark;
• apply on the skin, the preparations containing insect repellents;
• avoid direct contact with naked skin areas with the grass very high/shrubs;
• not to attend to the fragile structure;
• sleeping under the tarp for further protection against the penetration of bed bugs.

IMPORTANT! Often the cause of infection by parasites is the failure of simple measures of self-protection!

The pathogenesis of the development of the disease

The disease of the dream

The african trypanosomiasis. Depending on the type of pathogen are distinguishable:

• acute form;
• the chronic form.

The Tsetse fly is the vector of trypanosomiasis, it is not poisonous. Its danger lies in the transfer of pathogens and the invasion of humans.

In 98% of cases of sleeping sickness takes place in the primary-chronic a form.

After penetration into the mucosa or in the skin layer, starts the incubation period, which lasts up to 3 weeks. At this time, the parasites are actively dividing, after which they penetrate in the lymph nodes (hit) and the blood, with the flow that arrive to the tissues of the nervous system. In the chronic form of the disease that can be delayed and hidden, therefore, the symptoms may manifest itself with laziness and people not suspected of infection for quite a long time (from 1 month up to several years). Acute in the course of the disease involves primary-aggressive symptoms, so the easier it is diagnosed, but is extremely rare.

Chagas Disease

American trypanosomiasis. The principle of the distribution of the trypanosomes in the human body is similar to the disease of the dream, however, in this case, the parasites cause degenerative changes mainly in the heart and the esophagus (less frequently in the liver, adrenal glands), as well as poison the body of toxins – products of their means of life. The incubation period lasts up to 2 weeks. Later begins the acute phase of the disease, manifested by mild symptoms. Through 2-3 months after the infection, the disease passes to a chronic form. Symptoms are absent or nearly imperceptible. In the blood banks of the countries of Latin america the percentage of infection of the blood parasite that is higher than Aids and can be up to 52%.

The symptoms of the

African trypanosomiasis

In the place of the bite of the tsetse fly will form the focus of the sore, with a diameter of up to 10 cm, which is characterized by:

• itching;
• redness;
• hyperemia;
• inflammation.

In the case of primary-chronic of the option, the symptoms can accompany the person over many years and are expressed in:

• the increase of cervical lymph nodes;
• the hyperthermia;
• the weakness.

In the acute phase of the above symptoms are added:

• the inflammation of the brain and the resulting swelling;
• braking the state of perfection passes in a coma.

American trypanosomiasis

After the bite of a bedbug in the urine in any wound, the faeces containing parasites that enter through the skin in the human body, because bitten place accompanied by itching and bites the man.

In the place of the bite will form the focus of the infection, with a diameter of up to 15 cm and is accompanied with hyperemia and swelling. After the completion of a period of incubation manifested the first symptoms of the disease:

• fever;
• the migraine headaches;
• vomiting;
• pain in the heart area.

The disease leads to the defeat in the cns (central nervous system) and ans (autonomic nervous system), degenerative changes in the heart, the esophagus, the liver, the adrenal glands.

The diagnosis

A prominent issue primary in the diagnosis of trypanosomiasis is a collection of the medical history for the detection of recent infection travel to countries of africa and Latin america, the presence of primary symptoms).

For more in-depth diagnosis, resort to the measures of a profound research:

• xenodiagnosis;
• the biological samples (introduction of the blood of the alleged ill in the abdominal cavity of the animal);
• gray-diagnosis;
• immunological reactions (in the chronic form of chagas disease in the blood to detect serum immunoglobulin G, when acute – M);
• lumbar puncture;
• the research punctate of lymph nodes, blood.

The diseases caused by these parasites, which often masquerade as other diseases, so it is necessary to carry out various independent of each other studies to identify with accuracy the invasion.

The prevention of the

Vaccination against the invasion of pathogenic micro-organisms can not be added.

Measures of prevention are:

• the extermination of the vectors of parasites;
• a careful investigation of the blood donors;
• timely processing of housing insecticide solutions;
• the improvement of the quality of life of the poor population of the areas included in the habitat of insect vectors.

Besides the obvious activities of maintenance of the hygiene of the products used, as well as the precautions above, honey. the institutions have the obligation to carry out an outreach work among the population. It is necessary available to reach all sectors of the society, which is a parasite, what kind of diseases occur, and the consequences that entails.

To protect themselves from infection by these parasites can not. Keep this in mind when making the decision to embark on a trip to Latin america or africa.

Not to neglect the precautionary measures, even if it seems that are not relevant or that the danger does not.