The world health organization (who) reports, more than 4.5 million people infected with the parasite. The parasite is a former representative of the world of wildlife. According to the latest data, the parasites have existed on the Earth before the appearance of the person: some holes in the turtle's tyrannosaurs, probably are the result of infection from their parasites, type of trichomonas, able to leave scars on the bone tissue.
The diversity of species of parasites, capable of existing together with the man, and by his account, called specific diagnostic and therapeutic complexity.
The parasite (from the Greek for – a and siton, the food; παράσιτος, Freeloader who lives for the account of others) is a living organism, that lives inside (endoparasite) or on the surface (ectoparasite) another organism. When this parasite may be stationary, obliges, through a cycle of life, while remaining in the host (the body of another), and use them only in some of its stages, the so-called temporary or facultative parasitism. Some parasites during the life cycle change of owners, from the development in one body and ending at the other. That is to say, some live as parasite organisms that coexist with the owner only in a certain period, changing the local, or exist independently in the rest of the time, others begin and end their cycle of life in a body.
The phenomenon of parasitism is observed in all levels of development of life. There are intracellular parasites, by protozoa, forms multicellular parasites parasites of plants, parasites that live inside or on the outside of the part of multicellular organisms.
The objective of the introduction of the parasite is to obtain nutrients, the security, the obtaining of the necessary for the development of their environment. Living as a parasite of organisms that can affect the quality of life of the master, to cause a reaction of irritation, influence on the non-compliance of the functions, to destroy the tissue, as well as secrete toxins, favoring the development of diseases. It is considered that parasites evolve towards the reduction of damage to the body of master, further extending the possibility to exist for your account.
In a category stand out parasitoids: as a general rule, the two wings or The hymenoptera insects, shelves of eggs in the body of animals or insects, providing to the larvae of forage. When you see the light of the larvae love die, becoming food for the new parasitoid. The activities parasitoid is characterized by a combination of parasitism and predation.
By parasitoid refers to, for example, the wasp emerald, the bites occur, partial paralysis, and the slave of the behavior of the cockroach. After this, the wasp lays its eggs in the body of an insect, and bears in the den. Hatched larvae feed on the cockroach. Some insect parasitoids as perfected the skill in the parasitism, which is subordinate to the master, and that influence their behaviour over a long period of time. The caterpillar of several species, the bodies of the owners, parasitoid Glyptapanteles (osa-rider), protect born, the larvae of the enemies, at the same time being food for them.
Classic parasitism is a particular case of symbiosis, the living together of two organisms. It is similar to the engagement of residence can be useful to the landlord and unpleasant, harm to one of the participants in the process or to pass without much effect. Among the different forms of cohabitation, including parasitism, it is sometimes difficult to make a clear distinction. So, for example, some forms of helminths to reduce the body's sensitivity to allergens, at the same time bringing damage and affects to the probation positively on the health of the host. Also called hirudotherapy, the use of leeches the doctor to the old-fashioned way of treatment of different diseases which is applied as one of the methods of alternative medicine and in the modern world.
A leech can bacteria, insects, plants, birds... for Example, the cuckoo refers to a type of "parenting or yolk parasite", as well as lays eggs in the nests of other birds. The same behaviour have some other species of birds, as well as fish and insects. Individual species of plants, such as broomrape, are the root parasites that grow on the roots of the crops and receiving power through one of the other plants. The famous mushroom chaga, it is applied in medicine, is a parasite growing on the trunk of a birch.
The most numerous types of parasites – protozoa, helminths, and insects. These parasites in the human body and on its surface are the most common.
Parasites in the human body can be very diverse: simple forms of life, viruses, fungi, worms, bacteria. According to the classification of the viruses (intracellular parasites) and bacteria also refer to the parasitic varieties, however, often talking about parasites in the human body, taking into account the protozoa, and helminths.
The long history of coexistence of the person with helminths is confirmed by archaeologists: the first findings of helminth eggs in the stool, dating back to 5 900 years before our era. The written evidence has come down to us from Ancient egypt: the papyrus of 3 000 years before our era, recorded the data of roundworms, pinworms, tapeworms.
Hippocrates and aristotle, also pay attention to the presence of parasites in the fish, raw meat, following the cycle of development, for example, the tsepnja. And the first mention of malaria belongs to the Emperor of china, Qin-Shi-Huandi, who described the symptoms of the disease in 2 year 700 before our era.
On the surface of the body and outside of human organs can also be parasites, called the presence of the ectoparásitoamu (Ectoparasite). Ectotrophic of the parasites of multicellular organisms, the best known are insects that suck blood introduced parts (lice of the different tick species), some species of leeches also refer to the Ectotrophic account temporary of the parasites who are the person.
The damage of the presence of parasites in the body of a person may be very diverse. The parasites, the eggs and the products of the means of life may exert a mechanical impact, blocking of the capillaries, vessels, ducts of the glands. Some types of parasites that can gnaw through the wall of the intestine, causing tissue damage. The most negatively affect the health, causing the violation or other of the functions of the body in different degrees.
To protozoal parasites are simple forms of life. Have 17 varieties of the most simple, are capable of causing disease in humans. Among them such exotic for russia species such as Trypanosoma brucei, portable infected tsetse fly. Trypanosoma brucei causes sleeping sickness or african trypanosomiasis, characterized by confusion of consciousness and sleep disorders. This disease is more common in tropical areas of africa, in the congo river basin, and for russia it is extremely rare. Amoebiasis, so-called dysenteric ameba, is the second death of master-human protozoa of the disease in the world, I get sick of every ten people of the Earth. It is more common in amoebiasis in areas of tropical weather and poor sanitation.
Malaria is also called parasite transmitted by infected mosquitoes. According to statistics, every year malaria sick to 250 million people.
The most common are by the world, with three types of protozoan parasites – giardia (disease giardiasis), Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis), and trichomonas (trichomoniasis).
Giardiasis was first described by dr. D. F. Lampler, which describes the lamblia as stimulants of the disease. According to the statistics of the world Health Organization, each year the infection lamblia are around 200 million people on Earth. When they get sick giardiasis continuous of around 500 million people.
In russia, the data show that in 100 thousand of the population of the clinical signs of the disease, is recorded close to 90 people, however, if they stand out among the sick children 14 years of age, between 100 thousand children of the giardiasis is diagnosed in 350. Therefore, in russia Giardiasis to a greater extent to the children, and that more often at the age of 1 to 4 years.
Giardia has two forms: manure, or vegetative, and the form of cysts. The infection occurs with swallowing a cyst, that can persist in the environment (soil) up to 3 weeks, while in the water up to 5.
Most often, the infection occurs in young children after licking dirty hands, together with objects of daily life, as well as the consumption of vegetables, fruits, berries, not subjected to heat treatment. Is distributed also the penetration of giardia lamblia in the body together with the contaminated with cysts from water.
Being in the body, giardia passed from form cysts in vegetative and multiply in the small intestine, causing irritation of the mucosa. Special symptoms of giardiasis, as a general rule, does not manifest itself, limited to the signs, as a violation of stool (diarrhea, constipation), dyskinesia biliary tract, pains in the upper part of the belly and the navel, nausea, atopic dermatitis, general malaise. Sometimes there was a delay in the height and weight of the child.
During the movements of the small intestine to the large intestine giardia lose an enabling environment for the reproduction, transform back into cysts and are highlighted in the environment, along with fecal masses.
The treatment of giardiasis consists of a rehabilitation therapy for the intestinal tract, the means of parasites of this type and the strengthening of the immunity. The infection prevention serves as the compliance with the rules of personal hygiene, handling food before eating, the consumption of raw water exclusively in disinfected.
The more simple a single-celled parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which causes toxoplasmosis, is responsible for the appearance of the myth of the woman during pregnancy can not touch the cats – the child is born ugly.
Toxoplasma gondii is actually a parasite, which is like a master temporary use representatives of the family of felines. Its multiplication is possible only in the gut of these animals, and often transmitted are cats and cats. The eggs Toxoplasma are highlighted with fecal masses from an infected animal, and can fall in the interior of the body of other pets and farm animals or of the person in case of contact with faeces, contaminated soil, consumption of raw meat. Toxoplasma gondii refers to the variety of intracellular parasite, these eubacteria are some of the smaller parasites on the Earth.
The cats are "essential" to the owner of Toxoplasmas, as a body, where the parasite spends most of its life cycle. In the bodies of other warm-blooded animals, including man, Toxoplasma gondii spends little time.
Studies have shown that Toxoplasma gondii can influence the conduct of an infected animal. Thus, rodents with toksoplazmozom feel less afraid of the cats: the parasite controls the behavior of the rats and the mice "by pushing the" I love the transfer of Toxoplasmas in the body, where they can multiply.
The parasite multiplies in the tissues of the heart, the liver, the eyes, the brain. According to data from the world Health Organization (who), one out of every three people sick or ill toksoplazmozom.
The disease occurs in several forms. In normal immunity to the disease is easily transported, is designated to increase the cervical and armpit lymph nodes, recurring low-grade fever, myalgia, general malaise. A mild form of toxoplasmosis happens by itself, without need of specific treatment.
Chronic toxoplasmosis is accompanied by a change of the structure of the eye. The acute form is manifested by a rash on the sudden weakening of well-being, which leads to malnutrition, it can produce ex brain. As a general rule, the development of the toxoplasmosis acute tends to be people with the opinion expressed by the immunodeficiencies.
The infection toksoplazmozom during pregnancy leads to the excitation transfer through the placental barrier to the fetus. Toxoplasma in this case, cause innate of the disease toksoplazmozom in the newborn, which leads to blindness, violations of the functions of the central nervous system, jaundice, the pathology of development of bones of the skull, delay in mental development. Congenital toxoplasmosis in children may manifest immediately, the symptoms may appear months or years after birth.
The man who was ill toksoplazmozom produces immunity, which is defined by the presence of antibodies in the blood. If a pregnant woman has no history of disease toksoplazmozom, in the period of the pregnancy is recommended to exclude the contact with cat faeces, as well as to avoid the possible accumulation of squares of the rodents.